金钱驱动的“实名制”也成打压工具
Facebook推行实名制,初衷并不是为了严厉监控网民思想,而是钱作怪。但“实名制”却成为另类打压异见的工具。
提起网络"实名制",中国人民绝不会陌生。官方声称将于今年正式全面监管互联网,连微信等私人通讯程式都要推行实名制。本月中旬,中共中央办公厅和国务院办公厅甚至公布《关于加强社会治安防控体系建设的意见》,建议公民信息一卡通制度,让身分证号码不只记录持有人姓名、地址和出生日期,还有其信用卡、酒店入住纪录、乘搭过的飞机、火车、高铁的班次、社会保险等私隐资料。卡中的所有信息将连结到全国公安系统的内部资料库,供全国各地数以百万计的公安随时查阅。这当然引起中国网民及网络自由倡议者强烈反弹。
相比起中国官方以法律和刑罚强制执行网络实名制,私人企业Facebook推行这政策便显得软弱无力。事实上,Facebook也一直沿用“实名制”。虽然Facebook产品长Christopher Cox曾在个人帐号向受实名制影响的同性恋、双性恋与跨性别社群道歉,并同时强调Facebook的实名制并非指法律上名字,而是现实生活应用的真名 (authentic name they use in real life)。可惜,实名制却成为另类打压异见的工具,使香港和台湾网民,特别是社运人士大为不满。
实名制政策被政治利用
泡泡网记者接触因为Facebook实名制而被暂停帐户的王小姐。她是香港网络组织键盘战线成员,经常在Facebook发表网络自由观点,批评政府推出打击网络自由的政策,如版权条例、截取通讯及监察条例等。她忆述事发经过:很平常的一天,她如常登录Facebook,帐户忽然自动登出。再登入时就出现一个官方通告,“我们努力使每位Facebook用户使用他们真实身份”,要求她核实个人身份。通告并提到禁止以下帐户注册:假冒他人,用假名及帐户不代表真实个人。若她想重新登入帐号,便需要进行保安核实程序。
王小组注册帐户时,已经向Facebook呈交电话号码进行认证。帐户忽然被封,事前却没接获任何通知。却需要提交政府机关签发的身分证明文件。她怀疑和其政治言论有关,遭人恶意检举。
事后,她直斥“Facebook 不尊重香港的文化,不承认香港人的真名未必是证件名。根本是绑架我们生活时报上的回忆”。她又指,用户未必会对Facebook上的重要资料备份。一被检举,要不放弃所有帐户上的资料,要不呈上身份证明文件。她形容这为“要挟”,逼用户遵守它的规矩。她又坦言,若不是自己或朋友“中招”,并不会留意Facebook有此政策。
检举者与被检举者的信息不平衡
事实上,Facebook实名制和检举机制最大的矛盾是,被检举者必须使用政府签发的证件才能恢复帐户,但是对检举者却无此要求。被检举者即使身分经核实,仍然不知道谁检举他们,恶意检举者会否受Facebook处分,亦无人知晓。被检举人士中,若不想曝露个人真实身分,惟有注册新帐户、放弃帐户,或者改变名称。原先帐户内的所有信息,若没有备份,便会付之一炬。经年累积的粉丝群,亦要由零重新开始。结果,政策被用作打击政治对手的卑鄙手段,华人圈子中,被检举者不乏知名行动者和异议者。前学运领袖王丹、香港网络漫画家Cuson LO、网络作家卢斯达、台湾原住民运动行动者马太攻守联盟的成员 Nakao Eki Pacidal、太阳花学运领袖陈为廷等等。
金钱驱动下的实名制
Facebook推行实名制,当然不是要像中国严厉监控网民思想,防止任何对政府不利的信息发布。说穿了,都是钱作怪。Facebook的广告销售额高达三十多亿美元,随着愈多人使用流动装置浏览Facebook,相信广告额升势持续。Facebook亚太区副总裁Dan Neary接受访问时提到,“Facebook的用户都是实名制”,可以帮助广告客户针对使用者。今年初,Facebook又更新条款及政策,用户贴文或打卡时,Facebook会寻找用户所在位置,呈现相关度最高的资讯,如附近餐厅选择,或是该地区朋友的动态消息更新,令人更担心个人私隐问题。
“废实名制”运动
香港便有网民成立“全面废除面书‘真实姓名’政策行动”Facebook社群,争取立即恢复所有“真实姓名”政策下所被封锁的户口;立即无条件废除所有“真实姓名”的相关政策,和必须向有关受影响人士道歉。社群向公众收集受实名制影响的个案,又转载外国相关新闻,结连各地“苦主”,现已逾2000赞好。
Facebook的用户还能在这平台成立组织,要求废除不公的政策。可是,中国网民面对强大的政权,除了匿名上网,他们日后如何突破锁定个人身份证号码的信息一卡通呢?
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