测试:微信如何审查内容
随着GFW的升级和对VPN管制的出现,能顺利翻墙的大陆网民在迅速减少,将那些被防火墙封锁的消息传至墙内的可能性持续下降。此般状态下,对墙内平台的审查管制则进一步令传播能力大打折扣,舆论空间急速萎缩。从去年8月的《微信十条》到今年2月4日出台的《互联网用户账号名称管理规定》,短短数月内,中国最受欢迎的社交平台,在法律上受到了一步步的钳制。纽约时报中文网在2月4号发表的一篇评论文章中指出:“共产党强硬的审查策略,越来越多地暴露出他们对于自身应付公众不满情绪能力与日俱增的焦虑”。
由于中国大陆存在的GFW封锁了很多全球知名媒体网站,用户使用大陆平台转发被封锁网站上的文章或讯息一般情况下有四种选择:1、做成长微博;2、截屏发图;3、使用镜像链接;4、复制粘贴在“笔记”或“便签”应用上,以文档链接形式发布。本网近日在微信上做了以下测试,逐一验证这四种方法在当前管制程度下的可行性。
1、做成长微博
做长微博的工具不少,但大部分是国内开发的,它们天生带有关键字审查,含有敏感词的文章或段落会被显示为无法上传或发布后自动被屏蔽。于是,一些境外网站设置了自带的长微博生成器,比如以新闻和时政评论为主题的自由港。自由港建立不到一周便被GFW封锁了,此后用户将文章转发到墙内平台时大多会选择使用“生成长微博”发图片的形式。
2月3日,本网邀请多位身在大陆的微信用户将一篇题为《Wu Tun’s Ai Can’t Be Here t-shirts for Ai Weiwei》的文章生成长微博图片发布在微信朋友圈,结果显示:图片均被提示“无法上传”,且多次验证,结果如一。上述用户发布其他图片(如猫咪或美食)均无障碍,证明非账号本身问题。分析认为,或与微信的图片审查有关——图中含有敏感词条“艾未未”。随即再请身居香港的用户发送该长微博图片,步骤同上,却很轻松的发布成功了,且大陆用户也可见。推测认为,图片审查的确存在,或许以IP所在地区分不同对待。
此后,又选择了同是来自于自由港网站的另外两篇文章,一篇题为《中美8律所围攻阿里 最高检官报曝改差评利益链》,首发于南华早报;另一篇是《郝明义:他们到底所为何来? ——哭后藤健二与James Foley》,转载自唯色博客,均以长微博图片形式发布至朋友圈,结果显示为所有用户可见。这样的结果只能暂时理解为:“艾未未”词条在微信审查过滤器内,而“唯色”和“阿里巴巴”或许不在其中,且被屏蔽的原因与被封锁网站(如自由港)本身无关。
另,在敏感时段针对敏感人物名(或图像)以及事件的屏蔽有可能存在特殊。本网曾有报道,“周小平”高度敏感时期,时政漫画家变态辣椒的相关作品,在微信朋友圈无法顺利发布——海外用户发布,大陆用户看不到;大陆用户发布,只有发布者自己和海外用户可见。
有关长微博监控,泡泡的一位读者,匿名向泡泡爆料说,国内顶尖团队已开发出直接将审查系统接入长微博的技术,虽然相对于纯文字审查速度有所减慢,但直接部署在带审查产品的服务器所在地:
长微博监控也即图片监控确实有开发,主要思路为OCR提取文字信息转为纯文本后接入现有审查系统,OCR模块很nb,国内顶尖团队开发,文本型长微博通吃无压力,对于漫画内文字、图片叠加文字、较规整的手写字体等有干扰的类型也有着极强的识别能力,也就是说只要在审查时接入该模块,所审查的内容是带文字的图片还是纯文本没有太大区别,都可以很好的被审查。弱点是计算量相对于纯文字处理大了几个数量级,单幅图片处理速度约秒级@普通刀片服务器,但是有做分布式设计,实际使用中部署至服务器群后速度会有大幅度提升,系统直接部署在待审查产品的服务器所在的机房,不存在集中的审查中心。早已验收,部署规模未知。
该读者表示,出于安全考虑,不提供信息来源,但“保证所说的都是真的”。
2、截屏发图
利用一些支持滚动截屏的工具截图,其效果等同长微博。如:FS Capturte 、PicPick等。但如果微信的图片审查真的存在,那么截图发布的结果也会如上。目前无法确认的是,微信后台究竟设置了哪些“敏感词”,会不会随时变更,以及针对敏感时段敏感对象的处理是否存在相关规定(规则),以及详细内容是什么。当然,长期观察、测试会能找到一些规律。
3、使用网站镜像链接
本网在1月10号的测试发现,邀请多位大陆用户在微信中打开泡泡网的镜像链接,通过右上角的分享按钮将一篇题为《洗脑和反洗脑抗争》的文章发送至朋友圈,结果显示,只有发布者一人可见,包括海外用户,均不可见。第一步测试,选择发布的同时评论一句话“解析周带鱼的昆明之行”,特意将墙内已知敏感词“周带鱼”加进去,结果是可以发布,但仅发布者自己可见;第二步测试,不加任何评论,只用分享按钮发布链接,但结果依旧如上。结论:屏蔽针对的是链接本身,与分享评语中是否包含敏感词,没有关系。第三步测试,复制上文链接,直接粘贴在文字发布框内,不通过微信自带的分享按钮,结果显示,所有人都可见。参与同类测试的还有另外三个链接:2月3号,“张尧学和他的透明计算”;1月30号,“推特上的五毛外宣”;1月27号,“云极权和大数据维稳”。结果显示,只有“云极权”一篇可以正常显示,此外两篇均被自动屏蔽了。从测试的时间线上看,能正常显示与否没有准确日期为界。而同一篇文章,分享到群聊和私聊中,无障碍。推测认为:微信的内容审查很可能存在“过滤器”,且它有可能是装在分享按钮上的,并只阻断通往朋友圈的分享。
4、复制粘贴在“笔记”或“便签”应用上,以文档链接形式公开分享
比如大众型笔记应用“有道云”早已被证实存在关键字审查,测试中可以事先将有可能“敏感”的词条字间加分隔符、或以其他语种/拼音/谐音/字头大写字母代替,处理后再上传容易被屏蔽的文章,这样就相当于暂且不考虑应用本身的关键字过滤影响,结果显示,可以在朋友圈发布,且所有人可见。但随后一段不固定时间内,有些文章会被删除,可留存时间的长短与文章本身的敏感程度、发布时间点是否处于敏感时段等因素,存在一定关系。
上述测试文本在私聊和群聊中分享也无障碍,但若内容被删除,则是同步的:不管是分享在朋友圈还是群聊、私聊,甚或个人收藏,内容都会消失。
推测认为,微信的内容审查目前为止主要针对的还是朋友圈,或有应对网信办监管之意。早在去年五月,微信管理部门就已经设置了限制传播能力的红线:“个人好友+关注公众账号+所在群数量不能超过5000人”,但即便如此,也无法拦截微信用户将所见消息转发到墙内外各大公开社交平台上,同时朋友圈存在一定程度上既有的辅助传播能力,于是对内容的限制仍然被认为是“必需”的。
微信“处处惊心”
转发敏感内容并不比原创更安全,使用微信与使用微博无二致。去年8月6号,据维权网报道,西安维权人士罗光明因转发了一条关于新疆莎车消息的微信,遭到行政拘留五天,手机被扣押;另有大陆民主维权人士郭春平在去年香港占中抗争期间转发声援香港的微信消息,遭当局威胁。此外,群聊也并不私密,同是维权网报道,去年4月2号,中国民主党浙江委员会数位成员被杭州市公安局国保传唤。警方的询问中包含谭凯先生设立的名为“民主大同思想研讨”的微信群中的聊天内容。如假设,没有群成员走漏消息,那么群聊的私密性就是不存在的;如假设当局及微信后台没有能力将所有微信群全盘监控,那么监控定位重点则很可能是针对“高等级敏感人士”的存在,比如上述消息中的浙江民主党人士。如果上述假设均不成立,也就是说,当局已有能力全盘监控(或以传统的过滤关键字形式进行审查),那么结论只会更可怕。
从公众号实名到普通号实名
官方在去年8月出台的“微信十条”管制措施,明文中显示针对的是微信公众号,并没有提到朋友圈内容以及群聊内容。微信公众号的注册需要实名制,也就是说,在一个公众号在出现之初或已经暗含附带了一定程度上的自我审查,但管理部门似乎完全不考虑公众号持有者“自我审查”的可能性存在,依然制定了苛刻的内容限制和管制条例。据1月21号陆媒报道,在去年的运动式净网中,微信封停了8.5万个“违规公众账号”。这其中究竟有多少是因涉敏而遭封停的,并没有详细说明。
1月13号,陆媒引述中国网信办移动网络管理局负责人徐丰的话说,根据官方在2014年底对即时通讯工具进行的复核结果显示,目前微信用户真实身份注册的比例已经超过80%,而其他的即时通讯工具的真实身份注册比例都在90%以上。2月4号官媒报道,《互联网用户账号名称管理规定》出台,适用于“机构或个人在博客、微博客、即时通信工具、论坛、贴吧、跟帖评论等平台注册或使用的账号名称”。规定:互联网信息服务提供者应当按照“后台实名、前台自愿”的原则,要求使用者通过真实身份信息认证后注册账号。该规定将于3月1号起开始实施。尚且不知届时未实名已注册的账号会不会被停用。规定同时要求用户昵称不得伤害到国家安全。
微信推出后不久就改版为只能使用手机号注册,也就相当于私人用户几乎一经注册就已经被实名制处理了,监控、追踪易如反掌。近期出台的“反间谍法”中包含对言论和传播言论定罪的可能性、“反恐怖法”中包含对言论和思想定罪的可能性,外加各种网络管制条例多方面层层围堵,因言获罪的门槛在极大程度的降低。
微信、微博这类国产应用要生存,就只有老老实实配合审查同时严格实施自我审查这一条出路,控制内容、控制传播、去媒体化只是初级阶段。微博的命运就是一例。最新数据显示,截至2014年12月,中国微博用户规模为2.49亿,较2013年底减少3194万,腾讯、网易和搜狐等昔日“门户”纷纷减少了微博的投入。微博的衰落与管制直接相关,并与党宣专属账号的滋生几乎同步,以大清洗加占领为基本手段、以重夺网络舆论主导权为目的的网络管制,又怎么会放过微信这块迅速膨胀的“肥肉”呢?如今的微信,“最具影响力公众号”榜单中名列前茅者大多为官媒所拥有,近日朋友圈已在插播广告,下一步会不会插入“中国梦”海报、习大大语录、社会主义核心价值观呢?
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