政府已成中国科技企业走向海化的阻力

“百度”的葡萄牙语版本搜索引擎“Busca (意为‘搜寻’)”近日面世,专门面向巴西用户。新华社指出,尽管这并不是百度第一次拓展海外市场,但中国的最高领导亲自出手相助支持发行,还是第一次。在习近平与巴西总统迪尔玛·罗塞夫共同启动了这个网站时,中国在通过科技公司来加强软实力的道路上似乎迈进了一步。加强软实力是胡锦涛任国家主席期间设立的一项国家战略目标。

对于监测言论自由的人士来说,看到习近平和中国第一搜索引擎、百度的首席执行官李彦宏并肩作战,或许稍感不适。习近平给他们最深刻的印象,是去年开始不断收紧的中国网络空间,其中还包括对新浪微博的管控。习近平以安全和道德之名,公开表示要用“一支强大的军队”来“扼住新媒体的生长的土壤”,还强调了建立“干净的”网络空间的必要性。中国何时并如何将这些手段和价值观输出国门,已让不少人人心惶惶。譬如,中国在伊朗和非洲等地积极参与到当地的石油开采和各项基础设施建设,而中国科技企业在当地分享科技信息、建立电信设施等,也引起了当地人权团体的警惕。

对中国式网络控制扩散的担忧,最近再度浮出水面。网络审查监测网站“非常道”日前列出了在百度巴西版Busca上受审查的中国关键词。TechCrunch将“非常道”的发现写成文章,名为《中共支持的科技巨头将审查带往全球》。

但TechCrunch这篇文章中的证据,要么错误明显,要么内容过时。文中所提供被屏蔽的关键词,其实是可以搜到的。几天之后,文章被TechCrunch悄然撤掉。然而比起这次新闻失误来讲,更值得注意的是,虽然文章漏洞百出,仍获得广为接受。如果中国的科技公司想在国际互联网产业上担任领头羊角色,想成功接触外国用户和投资商,他们需要明白,为什么类似这篇文章的假设会被如此广泛地接受,也要弄清他们将来应如何处理类似问题。

离家去国

我们无法小觑中国科技企业因配合政府审查而在国内遭到的批评。但中国政府经常在国内市场上的竞争中,采取保护中国互联网公司的做法。中国对Twitter和YouTube的封锁,为本国的对应产品新浪微博和优酷提供了莫大的利益。这使得中国公司对于国内的批评更加免疫,因为中国用户没有其他备选项 : 除非他们不介意使用遭干扰的网络服务、或缺乏大量中国用户群和当地服务的平台。对外国网站的审查系统 – 俗称防火墙 – 不仅给国内公司提供了竞争优势,还为政府提供了更易管理的互联网。因为在他们看来政府的利益比用户的需求更重要。总而言之,如今的这个系统,让中国政府和中国的网上内容供应商们双双获利。

但一旦本地市场达到饱和,中国网络公司需要按股东要求,着眼海外市场来增加公司效益时,这种协同效应就会倒置过来。比如,腾讯的手机聊天应用“微信”,已经开始急切的找机会打入发展中国家。他们甚至找了球星梅西来做该应用的全球代言人。在缺少中国政府优惠政策的情况下,这些公司现在应该严肃的更多考虑外国用户的利益、甚至他们的批评。

不过走向海外也不代表原来的优势尽失。除非外国政府要求, 中国科技公司可以在本地产品中删除审查功能。只要这项服务定向给外国人,并且中国人不是主要受众,信息控制的重要性就变得很次要了。况且随同产品国际化而来的是软实力。理论上来讲,尽管是为外国用户设计的产品,中国政府也可以要求使用审查和监控功能,只向外国用户展示共产党光鲜的一面。但党领导们也意识到,这样的举动可能会让外国用户加深“中国网络公司不可信”这一印象, 反而让公司在国际市场的道路难走。

透明的审查制度

在这场抢占世界市场的竞争中,中国的互联网公司和内容供应商并没有合理的动机,来降低产品的身价,或把中国当局的利益置于用户之上。但人们也可以理解外国用户和观察者们如何直接得出结论,认为中国产品一定屈于政府压力之下,如果软件或网站出现了预料外的情况,就一定是公司启动了审查机制。多年来,关于中国网络审查的负面新闻 ——大多数被独立证实、且被世界各地的研究人员记录下来—— 已经让外国网民习惯性地对中国网络服务,甚至对在中国运营的外国公司,有了最坏的印象。

2013年1月,国际版微信被发现屏蔽含有敏感词汇的信息;今年2月,国际版的微软中文必应搜索引擎被发现已经无法搜索“达赖喇嘛”等词汇。当时人们的结论都是,审查在运行。腾讯和微软分别回应,这是“技术故障”、“程序错误”。事后想想,人们本可以对这两个公司宽容的。虽然根据收集到的证据,微信当时绝对是用了过滤机制的,但腾讯当时立即矫正,似乎也说明审查并非故意而为之。当然,这并不能为他们一开始研发并执行这种过滤机制的行径开脱。然而,如果事实真的如此,腾讯和微软更需要站出来解释清楚为什么会有这种情况发生。模糊又不合时宜的解释,只会让外国用户更加认为他们确实被施压审查网页和程序,被发现后才改正。

设想一个世界,在那里,中国的内容供应商可以更透明地表示他们何时及如何过滤内容。没有人会天真到认为百度、新浪和腾讯会在短期之内去除审查。但是有一点很清楚,如果中国的互联网公司还想在国内和海外受众面前保持信誉,他们手中为数不多的一个选择就是,详实公布过滤内容的原因和信息。

当百度和新浪微博公开宣布“根据相关法律法规”某些关键词不予显示的时候,比他们一声不出的悄悄审查,反而更令人舒服一些。起码前者明确的告诉大家,这部分信息被控制了。如果还能提供更多的信息,比如屏蔽是暂时的还是永久的,比如谁要求把这类词汇划入黑名单,比如其他哪些类似词汇也被屏蔽掉了,那么用户可能也少一些理由去怀疑这个应用。

或许是白日做梦,但如果中国当局真的把清理互联网当做国家的关键目标,就应该接受批评,或者就干脆住口。他们最好要么允许公司给用户公开,到底什么信息是被控制的;要么干脆承认,过滤信息并不是为了保护公民不受不安全内容的侵害,而是为了干涉通信,蒙昧公民,巩固权力。

如果我们非要有审查制度的话,起码把它公开化。如果“非常道”爆的料是真的(没有证伪的理由),那为什么不让百度承认,他们当时是不小心把国内搜索引擎的过滤机制也转到了巴西版上,只不过现在已经修复了呢?或者是当习近平在巴西的时候,审查时存在的,他走了就停止审查了?这种公开化对于建立中国互联网公司和中国政府的长期信誉都是有利的,短期内接受一点批评算什么。当然,这里的假设是,信息限制都是善意的 —— 这个提议听起来让人难免苦笑。

别再扮反派了

然而,这些都是治标不治本的。中国科技企业在国际运作,人们总是习惯性地往坏处想。这不仅是因为这些公司的行为,或者他们缺乏透明度,还因为中国官方给人的印象是,中国愿意用极端的手段去控制他们的国际形象。今年7月,葡萄牙举行了一个非常友好的汉学会议。但该会议的宣传册上介绍了一个台湾学术组织的信息,这引起了中国官员的不满。中国官员悄悄没收了这些手册,撕掉了“不妥”的页面,再还给主办方。

中国官员企图粗暴对待外国媒体和文化组织的事例也不胜枚举。此前,中国拒绝续订购彭博终端,以报复彭博新闻对习近平家庭资产报道一事。因为一些有异议的报答,一些西方记者的工作许可和签证被扣留或拒签。这些行为只会让外人更深地以为,中国设在国外的科技公司,也是中国政治宣传和文化操控手段的延伸。

如果中国的互联网公司想要取得谷歌和微软那样的国际地位,他们不仅需要生产出色的产品,还需要他们的政府帮助,为他们是政府爪牙的形象净身。他们需要摆脱政府背景,政府官员也要停止一看到“冒犯性”的文章就撕别人的宣传册、或屏蔽人家网站。希望假以时日,互联网公司会有足够的空间来慢慢建立中国所期望的软实力,并能明智地运用这软实力。

*****

伍仟华,多伦多大学“公民实验室”研究员,也是《微博上的封锁》一书的作者。他还为“中国数字时代”研发了审查监视工具,此外在哥伦比亚大学国际和公共事务学院任较。

本文英文版原载于《世界政策杂志》上,经作者本人授权,中文版由泡泡网编译

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